LA AMISTAD
Parte I
Éste es un tema que siempre me ha intrigado. Por su complejidad e importancia posiblemente, al menos, publicaré otro artículo sobe el asunto. ¿Qué es la amistad entre dos o más personas? ¿Es la amistad algo confiable, duradera?
Una vez expresé un pensamiento o enunciado aparecido en mi único libro de cuentos publicado hasta ahora: Vuelo sin alas. En este libro aparece un pensamiento mío o de otra persona encabezando cada cuento. En uno, titulado: En busca de un amigo, hay dos pensamientos:
Tiene el leopardo un abrigo
En su monte seco y pardo:
Yo tengo más que el leopardo
Porque tengo un buen amigo.
José Martí, poeta y patriota cubano del siglo XIX.
Los amigos son eternos peregrinos. La amistad, la casa donde pernoctan.
EJCV- E.J. Castillo-Victores
Dos percepciones casi opuestas sobre la amistad. Y es que en la vida, reaccionamos de un modo u otro según nuestra propia experiencia. Es innegable que la historia muestra incontables grandes relaciones de amistad entre personas ilustres. Sobre todo en siglos pasados en los cuales se veneraba y cultivaba la amistad como algo sagrado y sublime. En los siglos XX y XXI es probable que también hayan existido y existan grandes amistades, aunque no tan conocidas como las del pasado; tal vez por razones históricas o notoriedad de los protagonistas.
Entonces, ¿qué es la amistad? Si es que en realidad puede definirse de alguna manera. Esto es tan controversial y relativo como intentar explicar las razones o causas del amor entre una pareja. Sólo nos queda sondear el problema a cierta distancia. Es decir, desde la periferia a ver qué podemos observar.
Para algunos, un amigo es un compañero de trabajo con quien comparte, conversa diariamente durante los ratos libres o en ciertas actividades conjuntas de trabajo; una persona que conoció en el gimnasio y con la cual conversa de asuntos personales o de interés mutuo; un vecino cercano; alguien con quien comparte algunas actividades deportivas o recreativas y que desde el primer momento le simpatizó como una persona afín y confiable; una o varias personas conocidas en los medios sociales; un excompañero de escuela de la infancia, etc. Ahora bien, ¿puede uno en realidad llamar amigos a estas personas quienes cumplen ciertos requisitos incluyendo el tiempo de relación?
Si éste fuese el caso, entonces existen muchos tipos de amistades: ocasionales, pasajeras, duraderas, engañosas, sinceras, beneficiosas por muchas razones, compatibles en varios aspectos importantes e intereses, etc.
Esto abre un universo de posibilidades. Y, de hecho, el problema se convierte en uno de carácter filosófico. En consecuencia, nada mejor que acudir a los filósofos griegos sobre el tema. ¿Por qué ellos y no otros? Bueno, otros filósofos y pensadores posteriores también abordaron el tema de modo brillante e interesante. Pero la historia posee antecedes primordiales, sin los cuales no se pueden explicar el pasado reciente o el presente. En aquellos tiempos remotos, había personas dedicadas profesionalmente a pensar, llamados filósofos. Estos eran aceptados y apoyados por el estado y por los ciudadanos del país porque el mundo comenzaba a descubrirse. De este modo, Platón, Sócrates y Aristóteles, entre otros, brillaban por su sabiduría e ingenio. Sus ideas fueron inmensamente importantes en aquellos tiempos y aún trascienden hasta nuestros días. Esto no quiere decir que ellos dieron una explicación definitiva, pero sí de tomarse en cuenta como punto de partida o de referencia.
Platón percibía la amistad sobre una base económica. Reconocía dos tipos de amistad: esporádica y genuina. Éste definía por esporádica la “amistad” entre polos opuestos. Es decir, opuestos en su estatus social. En otras palabras, entre una persona con ciertos recursos y otra persona pobre. Esta relación, pensaba él, es, de hecho, casi incompatible o difícil de mantenerse saludable a mediano o largo plazo. Muchas veces desastrosa. La genuina, la sostenida entre personas con un estatus social equivalente o similar. Entonces, concluía que la única amistad genuina era entre dos personas de clase media. Justificaba el hecho destacando que los ricos y los pobres carecen de virtud. Condición necesaria para mantener esta clase de relación. [Entiéndase por virtud, según el diccionario, la cualidad moral particular a observar determinados deberes, a cumplir determinadas acciones. También la facultad de producir un efecto bueno en otros o en algo. Por ejemplo, cuando se habla de que una persona es virtuosa es porque tiene muchas cualidades en la vida tanto hacia otros como hacia una actividad. Digamos, un virtuoso del piano, del violín, etc.]
Sócrates sostuvo una visión más generalizada sobre la amistad. De acuerdo con los Diálogos de Platón, porque Sócrates no dejó muchos escritos de su autoría, Sócrates propuso cuatro tipos de amistad:
1. Amistad entre personas similares (Amistad entre dos personas buenas).
2. Amistad entre dos personas desiguales.
3. Amistad entre una persona que no es ni mala ni buena y otra persona buena.
4. “Gradually emerging” [Desarrollo lento] la cual tiene lugar entre dos familiares.
Es evidente que Sócrates no consideraba posible la amistad entre dos personas malas [Carecen de virtud.]
También pensaba que no hay amistad sin utilidad. Es decir, una persona ha de ver en la otra cierto beneficio ya sea espiritual o material. Obviamente beneficio muto y, por supuesto, virtud porque de lo contrario no existirá una amistad ideal, cualitativa.
Por otro lado, Sócrates creía que la sabiduría es una condición necesaria para obtener felicidad, satisfacción y fortaleza de la otra persona y viceversa. Una relación de amistad basada en la sabiduría o en pos de ésta en vez de sangre, es la relación ideal. [Con sabiduría se pueden alcanzar muchas cosas que de lo contrario sería imposible ya que limitaría tanto el disfrute como el alcance de objetivos o metas superiores.]
Aristóteles: “El hombre por naturaleza es un animal social cuya inclinación es vivir en compañía de otros.”
De acuerdo con Aristóteles hay tres tipos de amistad: Las basadas en la utilidad mutua, el placer o disfrute y en la virtud.
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